The component that performs the calculations necessary for processing data in a computer is the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU, often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, executes instructions from programs by performing basic arithmetic, logical, and control operations. It interacts with other components, such as memory and storage, to fetch and store data as needed. The speed and efficiency of a CPU directly impact a computer's overall performance. Modern processors, like multi-core CPUs, can perform multiple operations simultaneously, enhancing computational capabilities and multitasking efficiency.