The type of network topology that features a central hub to which all nodes are connected is known as a star topology. In this arrangement, all devices (nodes) communicate through a central hub or switch, making it easier to manage and troubleshoot the network. Star topology enhances performance because the hub acts as a single point of communication, reducing the likelihood of data collision. However, if the central hub fails, all connected devices lose communication, highlighting a key disadvantage of this structure despite its popularity in local area networks (LANs).