Quantum computing is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, utilizing quantum bits or qubits. Unlike traditional bits that represent either a 0 or 1, qubits can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition and can be interconnected through entanglement. This enables quantum computers to perform complex calculations much faster than classical computers, solving problems that are currently intractable. By harnessing these quantum phenomena, quantum computers can revolutionize fields such as cryptography, optimization, and material science.