The distinction between RAM and ROM in computers is primarily functional and operational. RAM, or Random Access Memory, is used for temporarily storing data and instructions for active processes, allowing quick access and retrieval; it is volatile, meaning it loses its data when powered off. In contrast, ROM, or Read-Only Memory, contains permanent, non-volatile data essential for booting the computer and storing firmware. While RAM enables dynamic operations and multitasking capabilities, ROM provides foundational instructions necessary for hardware functionality.