The difference between synchronous and asynchronous programming primarily relates to execution flow. Synchronous programming executes tasks sequentially, meaning that each operation must complete before the next one begins, which can lead to blocking and increased wait times. In contrast, asynchronous programming allows tasks to run concurrently; it enables the initiation of a task and then proceeds without waiting for its completion. This non-blocking feature is particularly beneficial for I/O operations, enhancing performance and responsiveness in applications. By implementing asynchronous methods, developers can create more efficient, scalable systems that better utilize available resources.