A primary characteristic of quantum computing is its ability to perform calculations using quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously due to superposition. This enables quantum computers to process vast amounts of data and solve complex problems much faster than classical computers. Additionally, quantum entanglement allows qubits to be interconnected, providing exponential increases in processing power for tasks like cryptography, optimization, and materials science. Overall, quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize various fields by handling computations previously deemed impossible.