The term cyber-physical systems encompasses integrations of computer-based algorithms with physical processes, where physical and virtual elements interact with each other. Examples include smart grids, autonomous vehicles, and industrial automation systems that combine sensory data with actuation capabilities. These systems rely on real-time data analysis and decision-making to optimize performance, increase efficiency, and enhance functionality. Cyber-physical systems facilitate advancements in applications like healthcare, logistics, and infrastructure management, thereby revolutionizing how we manage and interact with our built environment.