A "microcontroller" refers to a compact integrated circuit designed to govern the functions of embedded systems. It typically includes a CPU, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals on a single chip, making it ideal for controlling devices like household appliances, vehicles, and industrial machines. Microcontrollers enable automation and provide functionalities based on specific tasks. Their versatility, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness make them essential components in modern technology and various applications across different industries.