What distinguishes embedded systems from general-purpose computers is their specialized functionality. Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks, often within larger mechanical or electronic systems, and they operate with real-time constraints. They typically possess limited processing power and memory, are energy-efficient, and are built into devices such as refrigerators or cars to perform dedicated functions. In contrast, general-purpose computers, like desktops and laptops, can run various applications and handle multiple tasks, offering more versatility but less efficiency in specialized scenarios.