The primary components of a computer's hardware include the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage (hard drives or SSDs), motherboard, power supply unit, and various input/output devices. The CPU acts as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and processing data. RAM provides temporary storage for data and programs currently in use, while the storage drives hold the operating system and files. The motherboard houses essential components and facilitates communication between them, and the power supply converts electrical energy into usable power for the entire system. Together, these components create a functional computer.