The components of a computer motherboard include the central processing unit (CPU) socket, memory slots (RAM), expansion slots (like PCIe), storage connectors (SATA), and power connectors. The motherboard serves as the main circuit board, connecting and allowing communication between the computer's components. It also houses the chipset, which manages data flow between the CPU, memory, and peripherals. Proper configuration and compatibility among these components are essential for a well-functioning computer system.