The primary difference between a sprinter and a distance runner in athletics lies in the race lengths and physiological adaptations required. Sprinters compete in short, explosive races ranging from 60 to 400 meters, emphasizing speed and power. In contrast, distance runners participate in longer events, such as 5,000 or 10,000 meters, focusing on endurance and stamina. Sprinters typically develop fast-twitch muscle fibers, while distance runners cultivate slow-twitch fibers for sustained performance.