In fencing, the three types of weapons used are the foil, epee, and sabre. Each weapon has unique rules, target areas, and scoring systems. The foil is a lightweight weapon that targets the torso, requiring fencers to score with the tip only. The epee is heavier and allows for full-body targeting. The sabre, used for cutting and thrusting, focuses on attacks above the waist. Knowledge of these weapons is essential for strategy and success in fencing competitions.