The type of wave produced by an earthquake is called a seismic wave. Earthquakes generate different types of seismic waves, primarily P-waves (primary or compressional waves) and S-waves (secondary or shear waves). P-waves travel the fastest and can move through solids, liquids, and gases, while S-waves are slower and can only propagate through solids. These waves carry energy away from the earthquake's focus, allowing scientists to study seismic activity and assess the risk of future earthquakes, which is significant for earth science and engineering.