The type of vertebrate characterized by a bony skeleton and air-filled swim bladders is known as bony fish or osteichthyes. These fish are distinguished from other vertebrates like sharks (cartilaginous fish) by their hard skeletons made of bone. Bony fish utilize swim bladders to maintain buoyancy and control their depth in water, making them highly adaptable to various aquatic environments. They represent a diverse group, comprising the vast majority of fish species in both freshwater and marine habitats.