The scientific term for the genetic variation that occurs within a population is genetic polymorphism. This variation refers to the presence of two or more genetically distinct forms (alleles) within a population's genes, leading to differences in traits among individuals. Factors such as mutation, gene flow, and natural selection contribute to genetic polymorphism, influencing evolutionary processes and the adaptation of species to their environments. Understanding this genetic diversity is essential for fields like conservation biology, evolutionary biology, and medicine.