The energy-rich molecule produced during cellular respiration is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This molecule is the primary energy currency of cells, allowing for the transfer of energy necessary for various biological processes. ATP is generated during cellular respiration through pathways such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Its hydrolysis releases energy, powering cellular activities like muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthetic reactions, making it essential for life.