The main parts of a neuron include the dendrites, cell body, and axon. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, transmitting information to the cell body, which contains the nucleus and organelles essential for cellular functions. The axon conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to transmit signals to other neurons or muscles. At the axon's terminal, synapses release neurotransmitters that communicate with adjacent cells. These structures are essential for neurotransmission and enable complex processes including reflexes, learning, and memory.