Political fragmentation refers to the division of political authority among multiple actors, often leading to instability. It can manifest in the rise of multiple parties, weakening the capacity for cohesive governance. Such fragmentation often results in gridlock, where lawmakers struggle to reach consensus on policies. This can diminish effective governance and reduce public trust in political institutions. In addition, fragmentation may foster extreme ideologies as smaller parties push for narrow agendas. Ultimately, political fragmentation presents challenges by complicating policy-making processes and undermining the stability necessary for sound governance.