Political fragmentation refers to the division of political authority and representation, often resulting in a lack of consensus on key issues. This fragmentation can lead to gridlock where no single entity can effectively govern, making it challenging to pass legislation or make decisive policy changes. Moreover, it often results in the emergence of multiple parties that can dilute majoritarian control. While this diversity can represent a broader range of views, it can also hinder effective governance and complicate the political landscape, leading to instability.