Political representation differs across countries in terms of structure, effectiveness, and inclusivity. Various electoral systems (e.g., proportional representation, first-past-the-post) influence how well diverse populations are represented in governance. In some nations, underrepresented groups may achieve higher political representation through quotas or affirmative action policies. Furthermore, political culture and historical contexts shape individual perceptions of representation, affecting citizens' participation and trust in governmental institutions. The efficacy of political representation directly impacts public policy and governance, influencing issues such as social justice and equity.