The ancient civilization that revered a moon goddess associated with fertility is the Mesopotamian civilization, worshipping Inanna and Sin. Inanna, known for her paradoxical nature as both a goddess of love and war, was also significantly connected to fertility and sexuality. Moon god Sin, in contrast, represented timekeeping and cycles, influencing agricultural practices. This dual reverence reflects the deep ties between lunar phases, agriculture, and human life, emphasizing the moon's importance in their understanding of existence.