The ancient civilization that believed in a pantheon including gods such as Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca is the Aztec civilization. These deities played significant roles in Aztec mythology, representing elements of creation, duality, and the natural world. Quetzalcoatl, often regarded as the feathered serpent, symbolizes knowledge and life, while Tezcatlipoca, the god of the night sky, embodies conflict and chaos. This pantheon highlights the rich cultural narratives of the Aztecs, reflecting their deep connection to agriculture, cosmic order, and human existence.