The last emperor of the Romanov dynasty in Russia was Tsar Nicholas II, who reigned from 1894 until his abdication in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. Nicholas II faced significant challenges throughout his reign, including political unrest, military defeats, and economic hardship, which culminated in widespread discontent. In the wake of the revolution, he and his family were placed under house arrest and later executed by Bolsheviks in July 1918. His reign is often seen as the end of imperial rule in Russia, leading to the establishment of a communist government and profound changes in Russian society.