Charles Darwin is credited with formulating the Theory of Evolution, which transformed the way we view biology. His work, particularly in "On the Origin of Species," introduced the concept of natural selection, positing that species evolve over time through the survival of the fittest. This theory challenged traditional views on the creation of life and provided a scientific framework for understanding the diversity of organisms. Darwin's ideas have profoundly influenced various scientific fields, including genetics and ecology, establishing evolution as a foundational principle in the study of life on Earth.