The study that formally recognized the impact of slavery on contemporary race relations is the Kerner Commission Report of 1968. Established by President Lyndon B. Johnson in response to race riots, the commission examined the underlying causes of urban unrest and highlighted systemic racism and economic inequality faced by African Americans. It concluded that the country was "moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal." This report brought national attention to the ongoing effects of slavery and systemic discrimination, influencing civil rights legislation and discussions about race relations in the United States.