The beginning of the Middle Ages is commonly recognized as around the year 500 CE, following the decline of the Western Roman Empire. This era, often characterized by feudalism, the spread of Christianity, and the establishment of various kingdoms and tribes across Europe, lasted until the Renaissance in the late 15th century. The Middle Ages saw significant cultural, social, and political changes, including the rise of monarchies and the establishment of universities. While often viewed as a period of stagnation, it also laid the groundwork for many developments in art, philosophy, and science that would flourish in later centuries.