The primary reason for the rise of fascism in Europe in the 20th century was a response to economic instability and social unrest. After World War I, many countries faced severe economic hardships due to war reparations, unemployment, and inflation, leading to widespread discontent. Totalitarian leaders like Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany capitalized on public fear and frustration, promising national revival, stability, and a return to traditional values. Fascism advocated extreme nationalism, anti-communism, and militarism, positioning itself as an alternative to leftist ideologies. The failures of democratic governments in addressing these crises allowed fascist movements to gain traction, ultimately leading to authoritarian regimes.