The primary motivation behind the Crusades in the Middle Ages was the desire to regain control of the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, from Muslim rule. Initiated in 1096, the Crusades were framed as a religious duty, with Popes encouraging Christians to take up arms as acts of faith. Beyond religious fervor, the Crusades also had political and economic motivations, including land acquisition, wealth, and an opportunity for nobles to gain power. The complex interplay of religion, politics, and economics fueled a series of military campaigns and lasting impacts on Christian-Muslim relations.