The primary impact of the Black Death on Europe's population was a dramatic decrease in population numbers, with estimates suggesting that between 25 million and 30 million people perished due to the pandemic in the 14th century. This catastrophic loss of life had profound economic, social, and cultural consequences. Labor shortages led to increased wages for workers and a decline in feudalism, as surviving laborers sought better conditions and opportunities. The reduced population also contributed to advancements in the arts and literature, as people reflected on mortality and human experience. Overall, the Black Death reshaped European society, leading to significant transformations in the subsequent Renaissance period.