The primary effect of the Industrial Revolution on society was a profound transformation from agrarian economies to industrialized and urbanized societies. This period, starting in the late 18th century, saw technological advancements, such as the steam engine and mechanized textile production, which significantly boosted productivity and efficiency. As factories emerged, people migrated from rural areas to cities for work, leading to urbanization and changing social dynamics. The Industrial Revolution also triggered shifts in labor systems, class structures, and economic policies. While it fostered economic growth and innovation, it simultaneously resulted in challenging working conditions and environmental issues that would prompt future reform movements.