The primary cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was widespread discontent with the monarchy and social inequality. France faced a financial crisis exacerbated by debts from previous wars and extravagant royal expenditures. The taxation system disproportionately affected the common people, particularly the Third Estate, which included peasants and the bourgeoisie, while the nobility and clergy enjoyed significant privileges. Enlightenment ideas promoting liberty, equality, and fraternity inspired revolutionary sentiments. The convening of the Estates-General in May 1789 led to tensions that erupted into the revolution, resulting in the overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of a republic, and significant societal changes.