The primary cause of the fall of the Maya civilization is attributed to a combination of factors, including prolonged drought, resource depletion, and internal conflict. Climatic changes, particularly severe droughts, severely impacted agriculture, leading to food shortages. As resources dwindled, competition for them intensified, causing social unrest and the eventual collapse of city-states. This multifaceted decline illustrates the complexities of environmental and societal interactions within ancient civilizations.