The main motivation behind the Crusades was the desire to reclaim the Holy Land, particularly Jerusalem, from Muslim control. Spurred by religious fervor and the belief that controlling these sacred sites was essential for Christianity, the Crusades began in the late 11th century. Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095, urging Christians to take up arms. Economic factors, such as the promise of land and wealth, also encouraged participation. The Crusades significantly impacted European and Middle Eastern societies, leading to increased trade, cultural exchanges, and lasting animosity between various religious groups.