The Protestant Reformation was primarily driven by the desire for religious reform and the criticism of practices within the Roman Catholic Church. Key figures like Martin Luther challenged the Church's authority, particularly its sale of indulgences, perceived corruption, and the lack of scriptural basis for certain doctrines. Luther’s 95 Theses, posted in 1517, sparked widespread debate and challenged the Church's interpretation of Christianity. Tensions between reformers and the Church led to the splintering of Christianity and the establishment of various Protestant denominations. The Reformation significantly influenced European politics, culture, and society, paving the way for modernization and increased religious pluralism.