The focus of the Montgomery Bus Boycott was to end racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama. Sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat, the boycott lasted for over a year, from December 1955 to December 1956. It aimed to challenge Jim Crow laws and highlighted the collective power of African Americans to organize against discrimination. The successful conclusion led to a Supreme Court decision declaring segregation on public buses unconstitutional, marking a significant victory in the civil rights movement.