The Black Death, which swept through Europe in the 14th century, had devastating effects on medieval European society. It is estimated to have killed between one-third to one-half of Europe’s population, resulting in significant social, economic, and cultural upheaval. The massive loss of life led to labor shortages, which empowered the working class to demand better wages and conditions, contributing to the decline of feudalism. Additionally, the catastrophe prompted shifts in religious beliefs and practices, as many questioned the church’s authority and the notion of a just world. This era laid the groundwork for the Renaissance and modern societal changes.