The consequence of the Industrial Revolution on urbanization in the 19th century was profound, as it catalyzed the growth of cities. This era witnessed a massive migration of populations from rural areas to urban centers, driven by the search for jobs in factories and improved living conditions. Urban areas expanded rapidly, often outpacing infrastructure development, leading to issues like overcrowding and poor sanitation. It fundamentally transformed economic structures, labor practices, and social dynamics, paving the way for modern urban life and reshaping society in Europe and North America.