The African civilization known for its extensive trade routes and wealth is the Mali Empire. Flourishing from the 13th to the 16th century, the Mali Empire became a dominant power in West Africa, primarily due to its control over trans-Saharan trade routes. Its strategic positioning allowed for the profitable trade of gold, salt, ivory, and other commodities, significantly enriching the empire. The legendary king Mansa Musa, known for his opulent pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, epitomized the empire's wealth and influence. The success of the Mali Empire fostered cultural development, education, and the establishment of cities like Timbuktu as centers of learning and trade.