The Industrial Revolution brought profound societal changes to urban populations, significantly transforming their living conditions and social structures. As people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of employment, urban populations swelled, often resulting in overcrowded housing and inadequate sanitation. Labor conditions were typically harsh, with long hours and low wages in factories. This urbanization fostered new social dynamics, such as the rise of the working class and labor movements advocating for workers' rights. Additionally, the period saw the emergence of public health crises and social reform movements aimed at improving living conditions, which shaped modern urban society.