Karl Marx articulated the political philosophy of Marxism in the 19th century, outlining a critique of capitalism and advocating for a revolutionary approach toward class struggle. In his influential works, including "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital," Marx believed that history was driven by material conditions and the conflicts between social classes, specifically the bourgeoisie (capitalist class) and the proletariat (working class). He argued that the proletariat would rise against capitalist exploitation, leading to the establishment of a classless society through socialism and eventually communism, where the means of production would be collectively owned.