The notable book published in 1859 that introduced the theory of evolution through natural selection is Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species." In this groundbreaking work, Darwin presented evidence for evolution and proposed that species adapt to their environments over time through a process of natural selection, where favorable traits increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction. The book challenged established scientific and religious views of the time, laying the foundation for modern biology and transforming our understanding of life on Earth. Its impact continues to resonate in scientific discourse today.