The Age of Enlightenment, spanning from the late 17th to the 18th century, saw a major cultural shift in Europe characterized by an emphasis on reason, science, and individual rights. Intellectuals and philosophers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Kant challenged traditional authority, particularly the Church and absolute monarchies, advocating for democracy, liberty, and the pursuit of knowledge. This era fostered advancements in political thought, human rights, and secularism, laying the groundwork for modern political systems and revolutions. The Enlightenment's influence permeated various spheres, from arts and sciences to education, fundamentally altering societal views on human nature and governance.