The historical period associated with the rise of fascism in Europe is primarily the interwar years, particularly the 1920s and 1930s. This era was marked by the economic instability and political turmoil following World War I, leading to dissatisfaction with existing governments. Countries like Italy and Germany saw the emergence of fascist regimes under leaders like Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, who promoted nationalist and authoritarian ideologies. Fascism emphasized a strong central authority, often combined with militarism and anti-communism, and resulted in significant social changes, oppression, and ultimately, World War II.