The historical document that set the foundation for civil rights in the United States is the U.S. Constitution, particularly the Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791. The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the Constitution and guarantees fundamental rights such as freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and the right to a fair trial. Over time, these amendments laid the groundwork for subsequent civil rights movements by establishing a legal framework for the protection of individual liberties. Additionally, landmark documents like the Declaration of Independence contributed to the ideology of equality and justice, shaping America's ongoing struggle for civil rights.