The empire known for its significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine during the Golden Age is the Islamic Caliphate, particularly during the Abbasid period (8th to 13th centuries). Scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi, who is often called the "father of algebra," advanced mathematical concepts. In astronomy, notable figures like Al-Battani and Al-Fazari contributed to star cataloging and calculated the length of the solar year. Furthermore, medical texts by scholars like Avicenna (Ibn Sina) laid foundational works that influenced both Islamic and later European medical practices. This rich intellectual tradition had a lasting impact on various fields today.