The empire known for its contributions to mathematics and philosophy during the Islamic Golden Age is the Abbasid Caliphate. Flourishing from the 8th to the 13th century, the Abbasids established Baghdad as a cultural and intellectual hub. Scholars like Al-Khwarizmi advanced algebra and algorithms, while philosophers like Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina (Avicenna) contributed significantly to ethics, metaphysics, and logic. The translation movement during this period preserved and expanded upon ancient Greek and Roman knowledge, creating a foundation for various fields, including science, mathematics, and medical practices. The contributions of the Abbasids significantly influenced European Renaissance and laid groundwork for modern disciplines.