The architectural style that dominated Europe during the Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches and stained glass, is known as Gothic architecture. Emerging in the 12th century and flourishing until the 16th century, Gothic architecture is exemplified by grand cathedrals such as Notre-Dame de Paris and Chartres Cathedral. Features of this style include verticality, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, and ornate decorations that allowed for large stained-glass windows, filling interiors with light. The Gothic style represented both a significant artistic achievement and a reflection of the religious fervor of the time, as many structures were built for the Church.