The ancient civilization known for its complex calendar and astronomical knowledge is the Maya. Emerging in Mesoamerica, the Maya developed sophisticated techniques for farming, mathematics, and writing. Their calendar system included the Tzolk'in (a 260-day ceremonial calendar) and the Haab' (a 365-day solar calendar), which they utilized for agricultural and ritual purposes. The Maya were remarkable astronomers who could predict celestial events like eclipses with incredible accuracy. Their ancient cities, such as Tikal and Palenque, contained observatories that reflected their understanding of the cosmos. This rich knowledge significantly influenced later cultures in the region and remains a subject of interest today.