The ancient civilization credited with building the Great Wall of China is the Qin Dynasty, which began construction in the 3rd century BC. However, various sections of the wall were built and expanded by subsequent dynasties like the Han and Ming. Initially constructed to protect against invasions and raids from northern nomadic tribes, the wall evolved into a symbol of China's strength and enduring legacy. The Great Wall stretches thousands of miles and reflects the engineering and architectural skills of the ancient Chinese civilization.